Indlale Yokugcina Yonke Yokuqinisa Amasithili: Yini Na Kufuneka Ukwenza Kanjani

Siyini Isithambisi Sokubulala Ukukhishwa Kwe-Retort Futhi Siyini Ukucubungula I-Retort?

Uma wake wathenga isobho elihlala eshalofini, ukudla okulungisiwe, inyama enkontshi, usoso, noma iziphuzo ezipakishwe ezingahlala eshalofini lesitoreji izinyanga eziningi ngaphandle kokufakwa efrijini, kungenzeka ukuthi lezo zinto zacutshungulwa kusetshenziswa i- isithambisi se-retort . Ngamazwi alula, i-retort sterilizer ingumshini wokulungisa ukudla wezimboni owenzelwe ukusebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nengcindezi emikhiqizweni yokudla epakishwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukungabi nazithelo kwezentengiselwano .

Ngokungafani nokubulala amagciwane, okunciphisa umsebenzi wamagciwane futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukugcinwa esiqandisini, ukucutshungulwa kwe-retort ihloselwe ukunweba isikhathi sokugcina ukudla ngokuphawulekayo kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuphepha kokudla. Le nqubo isebenza ngokubeka ukudla okufakwe emaphaketheni esitsheni esivaliwe lapho ukucutshungulwa okushisayo okulawulwayo kubhubhisa khona amagciwane ayingozi angadala ukubola. Umphumela uba umkhiqizo oqhubeka uphephile futhi uzinzile isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuncika kakhulu ezintweni ezigcina izinto zingashisi.

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zokucubungula ama-retort ukuhlukahluka kwayo. Isebenza ngezinto eziningi zokupakisha, kuhlanganise nalezi:

• Izikhwama ze-retort
• Amapuleti
• Izitsha zepulasitiki
• Izingqimba zensimbi
• Izimbiza zengilazi
• Izikhwama ze-sausage
• Izitsha ezihlanganisiwe

Lokhu kwenza ubuchwepheshe be-retort bube yinto ekahle kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza ukudla okulungiselelwe ukudla, amasobho, amasoso, imikhiqizo ye-curry, ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo, imikhiqizo yenyama, iziphuzo zobisi, iziphuzo zekhofi nemikhiqizo yemifino.

Izimpendulo eziningi ezizwakalwa ngabathengi ziyisithi: Kuphi kude ukudla kusha kubhokisi bezikhalini? Kunezindlela ezingaphezu kweziningi, izinto ezihlawulwe ngendlela efanelekileyo nezibhokiswe kubhokisi obukhulu be-retort bafika ekuseni lwesikhathi sokusha kwe- umnye uye ku-3 iminyaka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isikhumba. Isikhathi sokusha esinye sisebenza kusukela kufomula yokudla, indlela yokuhlawula, nokuthi ubhokisi bukhulu kangakanani.

Ubukhulu bekusasa kwe-retort kukuthi kwenza ukuzivikelwa kwemvelo ngokwesibonelo ngokuvikeleka kwezinto zokudla, futhi kuvikeleka ukudla okunamuhla, ukuchitha nokuvikeleka kwezinto zokudla. Ngaphandle kokusetshenzela izinkemikhali zokuvikeleka, abasayensi bavula ukusebenzisa ukuvula okuphelele ngokwesibonelo ukuvumela izinto ezivikelekileyo ezinokugcinwa ngokuvikeleka ngabathengi.

Indlela Yokuhlawula Ngokwesikhathi Sokuvula: Izinyathelo, Isikhathi Sokuvula, Nokuvikela Ukuvula Okuphelele

Ngokubona kwanqanqana, ukuhlawula ngokwesikhathi sokuvula kungakwazi ukubonakala njengokuphakanyiswa kwezindawo zokusebenza ngokukhulu. Noma lokuchazwa kusiza abantu ukuziqondisa lokhu, izinhlelo zokusebenza zasezinsizini zanamuhla zingabuningi kakhulu. Izinhlelo zasezinsizini zanamuhla zisebenzisa iziphakamiso zezinhlelo zokusebenza (PLC) ezihle kangako ukulawula ukuthempa, ukuphepha, nokusika kwesikhathi sokusebenza ngokuphephile kakhulu.

Ukuqala ukuthempa nokufaka

Isikhathi sokusebenza sibegina ngokufaka izinto zokudla. Iziphakamiso zezinto zokudla zifakwa emaphakishini, emaphakishini, noma emaphakishini okufaka futhi zithunyelwa kuvesela yokuqala. Kunezinhlelo eziningi zasezinsizini zanamuhla, amanzi amhlophe ayathempelwa kabefore ukufika kuvesela yokusebenza. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokuthempa futhi kuyabuyisela ukusebenza kwenkulu.

Ukufaka okuphephile kubalulekile ngoba kubandluluka ukuthempa kwenkulu yonke. Ukufaka okuphephile kuyasiza ukuthi iphakishini yonke ifuna ukuthempa okufanele.

Ukuthempa nokuhlala

Ngemuva kokufaka, isikhathi sokuthempa sibegina. Ngokwesilinganisi sezinto zokudla, ukuthempa kusho kwi- 115°C kunye ne-135°C . Phakathi nalesi sigaba, i-retort igcina izinga lokushisa lilawulwa ngokucophelela isikhathi esinqunyiwe.

Kunokuba kudingeke ukuthi opharetha balungise ngokwenziwayo amapharamitha enqubo, izinhlelo zanamuhla ze-PLC zilawula ngokuzenzakalelayo Isikhathi sokushisa (T-t) isiyingi. Lokhu kusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda phakathi kwamaqoqo okukhiqiza futhi kunciphisa iphutha lomuntu.

Ukupholisa Okuphambene Nokucindezela

Lesi sigaba yilapho abakhiqizi abaningi bokudla bephumelela khona noma bebhekana nokwehluleka okubiza kakhulu ekupakisheni.

Njengoba imikhiqizo ipholile, ingcindezi engaphakathi emasakeni, emathreyi nasezikhwameni zepulasitiki ihlala iphakeme. Uma ukupholile kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu ngaphandle kokulinganisela ingcindezi yangaphandle, ukupakisha kungavuvukala, kusonteke, kuvuza, noma kuqhume.

Ukuze kuvinjelwe lezi zinkinga, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokuzivikela. ukulawula ingcindezi . Lapho kubanda, kufakwa umoya ocindezelwe noma amanzi anengcindezi elawulwayo ukuze afane nengcindezi yangaphakathi yephakeji. I-PLC ilungisa ngokuqhubekayo Ukuchitha-Umzuzu (P-t) iprofayili yonke kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuhlisa.

Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu kubalulekile kuma-:

• Izikhwama ze-retort
• Amapuleti
• Ukugcina okufanayo
• Iivessel ezingenamandla

Ukukhala kwezinyathelo zokulungisa ukuchitha kuyabaleka ngokupheleleyo ubukhulu bekuprodukthi emva kokwenza, ngakumbi ukunciphisa ukugcina okungafanelekanga.

Ukukhankanya nokuphela kwezibhalo

Ngaphambi kokuba iprodukthi ifikele ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuhlisa, iivessel iyachitha ngokuvunywa ngokuthula futhi izibhalo ziyakhankanywa. Izinto zinokwenzela ngokuzimisa ukuthi zihlanganise, ziguqulwe, zisindiswe noma zithunywe.

Ngoba izinhlelo zokuphatha ezintsha zokuphatha ziyagcina ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphatha, ukudluliswa, ukuhlisa nokuchitha, abasemthwini bavumelana nokubaluleka kwezinto zokuproduktha, ukuphumelela okukhulu, ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa abantu, nokuphaya kwezinhlelo zokuproduktha.

Izinqumo ezinkulu zesinhlelo yokuqala yezinhlelo zokuphatha: Ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokuphatha

Ukuqonda lokhu okuzokuthenga kuyisisekelo xa uthenga izinkampani zokuprosesa ukudla. Isistimu esisha sokusula isitsha sibizwa ngokubanzi ngokusha kwezinkampani zokuprosesa ukudla; yilokho okungukho kuphela isitsha sokushisa, kodwa yilokho okwenzelwe ukuthi kubhekise kumthetho wokuphatha ukudla ngendlela elihle, ukusebenza ngokulinganayo, nokulandela amathetho asekhaya.

Isitsha sokuprosesa nokusitsha wesikhwama sokushisa

Izinsiza eziningi zezinkampani eziphezulu zisebenzisa isimo sesitsha sesibili esinezinkampani ezimbili ezifana ne- isitsha sokuprosesa kanye ne- isitsha sokugcina isikhwama sokushisa .

Isitsha esiphambili sigcina isikhwama sokushisa esisikhala, futhi isitsha esifuphi sasezansi sisebenza ukusula isitsha. Ngokusebenza, isikhwama sokushisa sishayela phakathi kwemibili yezinye izindawo, ekwenzeni ukushisa ngokuthe ngokushesha nokusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kwamandla.

Emva kokugcina konke ukusebenza, isikhwama sokushisa singagcinwa futhi singasetyenziswa kabusha ngokusebenzisa isistimu yokubuyela isikhwama sokushisa ngokuzenzakale. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kunciphisa imizuzu yokusebenza, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza.

Ukubeka isitsha sokuprosesa nesifunda sokuhlinzekile

Abasemthengisi bakudla akakwazi ukufuna ukuthi kubekwe isifunda sokuhlinzekile. Lokhu kuyisibonelo sokuthi izinsiza zokusula isitsha ezihle ziyachazwa ngokuphelele nge- isilayithi esihle sokudla .

Isilayithi esihle sinesibonelo esiningi esihle:

Lezi zindlela zikusinda isiqukela ukuthi kubuyise izinkinga zokuhlanza okuphelele okufunekayo ngamaphuzu amakhulu okudla.

Amathuluzi we-PLC, Izinhlangano zokuphepha, nokubhalisa imininingwane

Izinhlangano zamakhanda zokudla zasezantsi zihlala ziyasebenzisa ukuthinteka kakhulu.

Izinto eziphambili zizokwenzeka ngokwesibonelo:

• Amathuluzi we-PLC athiwe ngokushaya
• Izirhula zokusebenza ezithintekile
• Ukuthinteka kwemivali yokuzokusha
• Izinhlangano zokuphepha zomnyango wokuvimbela
• Amavalve okulinda ukuphakamisa kakhulu
• Ukukhokhwa kwesikhathi samandla kwesilinganiso sesilinganiso
• Ukubhalwa kwedatha ngokuzenzakalelayo

Ukubhalwa kwendlela yokuzenzakalelayo kuyisivumelwano esihambisana kakhulu ngoba kwenza isikhumbuzo esilungile sokugcina konke ukusiza kwesilinganiso. Le datha isinikeza izinkundla zokuphatha ubunzima, ukuzuzwa kwezinkundla zokuzuzwa, nokuzuzwa kwemikhombi yezinhlangano.

Izithumo zesilinganiso sezinkundla: Ukufuna indlela yokusebenzisa okuhambisana ngokuphelele nesikhumba sakho

Akukho zonke izinhlangano zokuzenzakalelayo ziyafanana. Izinto ezinye zokudla nezinhlangano zokuzenzakalelayo zingadinga izindlela ezinye zokuzenzakalelayo.

Izinhlangano zokuzenzakalelayo zokushisa ngokushisa

Izinhlangano zokuzenzakalelayo zokushisa zisebenzisa ishisha esishiselwe ngokushisa njengendlela yokushisa. Lezi zinhlangano zisebenziswa ngokuvamile kubhokisi bezinkabi nezinto ezinokuthola ishisha ngokushisa ngokuphelele.

Izindlela zokushisa ziyinkimbinkimbi zokushisa futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kokusebenza.

Izinhlangano zokuzenzakalelayo zokushisa ngamanzi

Amasimbi okukhanyisa emayimeni ayisiphathwa kakhulu emayimeni ekhanyayo. Lokhu kusinika ukuthi amandla akhanyayo ayisiphathwa kahle futhi kuyasebenza kubonakalisi bokuphatha obuhle.

Amasimbi okukhanyisa ngemayimeni esihlangu

Amasimbi okukhanyisa ngemayimeni esihlangu ayisikhombisa emayimeni ekhanyayo ngamaphathi okukhanyisa okwakhiwe kahle. Isimo sokukhanyisa kusinika ukuthi amandla akhanyayo ayisiphathwa kahle futhi kusenziwa ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa emayimeni.

Lokhu kusetyenziswa kakhulu kubhokisi, amaphathi, namazibuko okuzilima.

Amasimbi okukhanyisa ngokuzulula

Kwizindaba zokukhanyisa ezintsha, Amasimbi okukhanyisa ngokuzulula ayinika izindlela ezithile zokukhanyisa izinto eziphakeme kakhulu.

Ngokuphatha, amabhasketi ayizulula ngokusheshela ngaphakathi kwesimbi sokukhanyisa. Lokhu okuzulula okuphathelene kusinika ukuthi izinto ziyisiphathwa kahle futhi kusinika ukuthi amandla akhanyayo ayisiphathwa kahle ngaphakathi kwesikhombisa.

Izidingo ziyinkulu:

• Ukufika kwezinto ezihlukene kwezinye ngokushesha
• Imikhala yokuvala okuphansi
• Ukuvamile kwezinto ezihlukene
• Ukunciphisa ukuthi kuzwele kakhulu
• Ukuvamile kokubeka isithunzi sokubeka
• Ukukhathazisa ukuthi kuzwele kwezinye ezingaphakathi

Kuma-sosha ephakeme, ama-soup ephakeme, izindlu zama-dairy, nezindlu zokuphatha, izinhlangano zokuzwela zingahlela ukuvamile kwezinto ezihlukene ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokuproducwa.

Umph advantage omuhle kakhulu uyilo lokuthi ungatholi ukukhathazisa ukuthi kuzwele kwezinye noma ukuthi kuzwele kwezinye okungaba yisimo sokuthi izinto ezihlukene zizwele kakhulu uma zilungile kusukela ekupheleni kwemisebenzi yokuzwele.

Ukuchitha kwe-Retort vs I-Autoclave yaseLabhalitori

Abantu abaningi bakhubeka isibonelo se-retort ngokufanana ne-autoclaves.

Ukuphulukana kuyisisekelo sokuthi:

Ngakho ukuthi labo ababili besebenzisa isikhati nesikhathi, izinhlobo zazo ziyahlukene kakhulu.

Ukukhetha, Ukubonisa, Nokudala i-Retort Sterilizer Yakho

Ukukhetha isistimu se-retort esihle sibe yinkqubo engaphezu kokukhetha ubukhulu be-mashini. Izingxenye zokusebenza kufanele zihambisane nezinhlobo zokuproducwa, izinto ezichithiwe ngazo, izinkambo zokusebenzisa amandla, nabafundisi bezomthetho.

Ukukhetha i-Zinxenye Zokusebenza Ngokwesifundo Sezinhlobo Zokuproducwa

Ngaphambi kokuthenga, abasemthwakayo kufanele bakubonise:

• Ubukhulu bekuproducwa ngonyaka
• Ukuchitha kweprodukti
• Uhlobo lokupakelwa
• Izinqulobo zokubhalisa izinhlobo
• Isikhundu sezindawo zokusebenza emhlabeni
• Ukutholakala kwe-steam
• Ukukhala kwesilungelo sokugcina
• Isikhundu sezindawo zokunika amanzi

Le nto yisibonelo sokuthi isistimu yokuphatha okwenzelwe ngokuphelele ukusiza izinyembezi ezinamandla ayikwazi ukwenza okulungile ngokwamanqha okanye ngokwamathola okuzosha.

Lokhu kukuthi ukuthenga kwezinhlobo zokusebenza kuyisisekelo esibalulekile.

Izinqulobo zokuvumela nokufanele kwezinkokheli

Amasipho okusafisa kwamanzi abe ngezizwe zonke azifuna ubuchwepheshe obanikezwe ngokubhalwe ukuthi izinhlobo zokuphatha kuzokwenzeka ngokuphathelene nokuthi kuzofika ekutholeni lokho okuthandekayo.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlobo zokuvumela ziyashiyelwe:

Ukuziphatha Kwesithunzi Sokugqibela

Kubonisa ukuthi isikhalazo senzansi sikhululekile ngokuphelele kwechamber yokuqhubeka.

Ukuziphatha Kwesithunzi Sokufika

Kubala indlela esithunzi sifika ngayo kumthwakuli wokudla wesintu.

Amarekodi Awezinye Ngokwezinye

Akubhali isikhalazo nesiphambano sokugqibela ngokuphelele kwenkathi yonke.

Lezi zirekodi zisindisa ukuthi kwenziwe ukuthi kufanele ngokwaleyo kwe-FDA, USDA, HACCP, nokuthi kufanele ngokwesikhundla sokuvikela isifo sokudla futhi zinikeza ukuthi kufanele ukubonwa ngokuphelele ngokwamagunya nasezinkundleni zokuvikela.

Ukuchitha Okuphambili Nokuzama Ukuthola Indlela Yokusula

Nakho lokho okuhle kakhulu kwezinhlobo zokugqibela kuyadinga ukuchitha okuphambili.

Abasebenzi bayayikwazi ukwenza izinto ezilandelayo:

• Lokola amagasket e-ndawo
• Sula amasipho ayo okukhanya
• Qinisekisa ukusebenza kwevalve
• Jabula amagauge e-inthliziyo
• Hlela amasensha e-temperature
• Lokola amavalve e-safety
• Bheka amalogs e-alarm ye-PLC

Ukuzibuyela lezinye izenzo zokulungisa kungenza ukuthi itemperature ibuyekeze, ukungasebenzi kwezinhlelo, ukubuyiselwa kwamaprodukti, nokuphakama kwezindlela zokusebenza ngokunzima.

Isenzelo sokulungisa esihlukanisiwe sikhulu kakhulu kwezinhlelo futhi sivumela ubuchwepheshe baproducti nabahlanganisi bakwesifundo.

Thola Isenzelo Esithile Sokusebenzisa i-Retort

Izinkambo zonke zokudla zinamalungelo okusinda okuphathelene nazo. Isausi esihlanganisiwe ngendlela eyodwa yokuqondisa iyadinga isikhathi-sitampharachaa-sipresha esahlukile kakhulu kusuka kusoup esihlanganisiwe ngendlela yokuqondisa, isikhathi sokusebenza esihlanganisiwe, isosha esihlanganisiwe ngendlela yokuqondisa, noma isikhwama sesilika.

Ngoba sithu ngumshinzi wemashini yokuzinda okusebenza ngokuthintana eChayina, Weishu Intelligent Machinery sizazi ukuthi ukuzinda okuholela kubalulekile kunezinto eziningi kunezokuthenga izimpahla. Isiphumo esihle sivumela ukuthi isikhathi-sitampharachaa-sipresha, ukuthi iphakheji liyafanele, ukuthi kufanele kubhalwe ngokuphelele, ukuthi kufanele kubhalwe ngokuphelele, nokuthi kufanele kubhalwe ngokuphelele.

Ithimba lethu le-engineering liyakusiza ukuthi uthathe izinhlelo ezihlukene:

• Amacurva okusinda okwesikhathi-sitampharachaa
• Amacurva okulawula sipresha okwesikhathi-sipresha
• Amaphakathi amahle wezimpahla
• Amaphakathi amahle wezimpahla zokusebenza
• Amaphakathi amahle wezimpahla zokubhalwa ngokuphelele

Kungaba ukuthi uyadlala iprodukti entsha noma uyadlala indawo yokusebenza yangempela, isikhathi-sitampharachaa esihlukene singakwenza ukuthi iprodukti ibe yinhle, isibone isikhathi sokushaya, sibophelele ukuthi iphakheji ayisindile, futhi sibophelele ukuthi ukusebenza kubhekise kumkhulu.

Isiphetho

A isithambisi se-retort yisikhathi esikhulu kakhulu sezinto ezifundekayo ekuhlangeneni kwamanqala okukhanyisa. Ngokudibanisa ukhanyisa okuphathelene nokubeka imithwalo, nokuhlula kwezinye izinhlanzi, ukuphakamisa ukuthi amanqala ayisikhathi esikhulu kakhulu kanye nokuqiniseka ukuthi aziphatha ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukhanyisa.

Kusukela emapakethi yamandla, emaphakathi amandla, emajara yeglashe, kuya kumacans yamandla, izinhlelo zokuphakamisa zasezulwini zisikhipha izinhlelo zokupaketha nezinhlelo zokukhanyisa. Izinkimbinkimbi zokufaka isikhumbuzo sokuphakamisa, ukubeka imithwalo yokuphakamisa, ukubhala iziphumo ngokuzenzakalelayo, nokuphakamisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusiza abahlangenisi ukuthi bafikelela ekuphakamiseni kwezinhlelo, ukuthi bakholekile kakhulu, nokuthi bakholekile kakhulu ngokuphakamisa.

Kubabhalali bakukhanyisa abasoloko bakhetha ukuthi bakhulekele kakhulu, ukuthi bakhulekele kakhulu ngokwesifunda, nokuthi bakhulekele kakhulu ngokuphakamisa, ukuthi bakhulekele kakhulu ngokuphakamisa kwezinhlelo zokuphakamisa zokuphakamisa kuyisahluko sokuthi sibhala ngokuphakamisa kakhulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini izinhlelo zokuphakamisa kwenqola yokukhanyisa?

Imishini ye-retort uhlelo lokuvala inzalo lwezimboni olusebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nengcindezi ukuze kufinyelelwe ekungeneni inzalo kwezentengiselwano emikhiqizweni yokudla epakishwe, okuvumela ukuba igcinwe ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokufakwa efrijini.

Kuyini ukucubungula izimpendulo?

Ukucubungula ukubuyiselwa emuva ukucubungula ukushisa okulawulwayo kokudla okupakishwe ngaphakathi kwesitsha esivaliwe sokucindezela ukubhubhisa ama-microorganisms okubola futhi kwandise isikhathi sokugcina.

Injani inqubo yokuvala inzalo?

Le nqubo ngokuvamile iqukethe izigaba ezine: ukufudumeza kusengaphambili nokulayisha, ukuvala inzalo nokugcina, ukupholisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi engalungile nokuthulula.

Kuphi kude ukudla kusha kubhokisi bezikhalini?

Ukudla okuningi okucutshungulwayo okufakwa ezikhwameni zokuphakamisa kunesikhathi sokugcina esiphakathi konyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu ngaphandle kokufakwa efrijini, kuye ngokuthi umkhiqizo wakhiwe kanjani kanye nekhwalithi yokupakisha.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesithambisi se-retort nesithambisi-magciwane?

I-retort sterilizer yenzelwe ukucubungula ukudla kwezimboni, kuyilapho i-autoclave isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emalabhorethri nasezikhungweni zezempilo ukubulala inzalo izinsimbi nezinto zokwakha.

Ithipe lokuphakamisa ukuthi yisiphi esihle kakhulu kuzincwadi, izinkotho, izibiza, noma izithelo?

Ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kuyaphenduka ngokwesiqondiso noma isikhundla sokubeka. Izisiko zesithunzi sesamanzi nasezamanzi zisemthwakweni ziyasemthwakweni kakhulu kuzincwadi noma izithelo, ngakho-ke izisiko zesithunzi sezinye zisemthwakweni kakhulu kuzinkotho. Izisiko zesithunzi sezinkotho zisemthwakweni kakhulu kumazinkotho okwesikhundla sokubeka.

Izintemperetsha nezinqanawa zezithunzi ziziphi?

Izintemperetsha zokuphakamisa ziyaphinda kusuka ku-115°C ku-135°C, ngakho-ke izinqanawa ziyabuyekezwa ngokwesikhundla sokubeka noma izindlela zokusebenza.

Ukwenzeni njani ukuthi isisiko sesithunzi sivumeke noma sishaywe?

Ukuvumela kufaka umsebenzi wokuphakama kwamanzi, amasiko okuphakama kwamanzi, nokuthatha izilayili zokusebenza ngokwezinye. Ukushaywa kufaka ukubona izigqoko, ukucisha izinjini, ukulungisa izinhloko, nokubona izisiko zokuphepha.